Connections in the Dark: Social-Ecological Networks as a Promising Tool for Bat Conservation and One Health

Bats provide vital ecosystem services, including pest suppression and crop pollination. However, the increasing proximity of bats and humans is a growing conservation and public health concern with negative consequences for both sides. Mitigating these consequences requires integrative approaches like network science and the emerging field of social-ecological networks (SENs), which offer powerful tools to map and analyse complex social and ecological dynamics. Here, we synthesize how network approaches have been applied to bat research and conservation. Specifically, we: (i) assess the use of both ecological and social network analyses to study bats; (ii) identify network tools well-suited for SEN-based bat research; (iii) present a case study illustrating how SEN applications in bat research can inform conservation and One Health efforts; and, lastly, (iv) discuss key challenges and opportunities in using SENs to investigate the human-bat interface. Our review unveils a rise in network-based bat research from 2006 to 2020, followed by a post-pandemic decline. Nevertheless, across the 127 studies mapped by our review, only one applied an SEN lens. Finally, we suggest how applying some underexplored SEN tools to bat research could lead to novel perspectives, aiming to promote integrated strategies for the coexistence of bats and humans.