TOC1 supresses PAMP-triggered immunity in Arabidopsis

The circadian clock synchronizes plants with the rhythmic changes in their environment created by the cycle of day and night. Plant-pathogen interactions are influenced by this rhythmic cycle and a functioning circadian clock is essential for eQective resistance to pathogens. In this study we investigate the relationship between PAMP-triggered immune signalling and the circadian clock in Arabidopsis. We found that early PAMP-triggered immune responses including flg22- induced FRK1 transcript levels and the flg22-induced ROS burst are enhanced at subjective dusk rather than subjective dawn. Overexpression of clock gene TOC1 supressed these defence responses to flg22 and resulted in increased susceptibility to Pseudomonas syringae. Additionally, treatment with flg22 and elf18 altered the rhythmicity of CCA1 and TOC1. These results contribute to the currently small amount of research investigating the interactions between the circadian clock and PAMP-triggered immunity. Importantly, we establish the detrimental eQect of TOC1 overexpression on PAMP-triggered defence responses. Further investigation into how clock components regulate early immune responses is essential for improving our understanding of plant health.