Spatial Ecology of Jaguars in a Coastal Amazon Island Ecosystem

Understanding the spatial ecology of large carnivores is essential for effective conservation, particularly in insular or fragmented systems where movement is constrained. Jaguars are particularly important to study, as they are opportunistic predators whose diet and behaviour shifts flexibly with local prey availability. We investigated the movement patterns, home range dynamics, and social interactions of jaguars (Panthera onca) on Maraca-Jipioca Island, a pair of small, seasonally flooded islands, in a low-disturbance reserve in the Brazilian Amazon. Using GPS collars, we tracked seven individuals and found that males had significantly larger home ranges (mean: 77.8 km{superscript 2}) than females (mean: 19.5 km{superscript 2}). Despite the islands limited area, home-range overlap was low, and direct encounters were rare. This mirrored the territorial behaviour seen in more expansive mainland populations, but contradicted patterns seen in other populations that specialised on aquatic prey. Jaguars on Maraca-Jipioca moved an average of 7.3 km/day, with no significant differences across sex, age, nor body size. However, movement speed and probability of activity varied significantly across habitats: individuals moved faster in grasslands, wetlands, and water, and more slowly in forests and mangroves. Animals also spent more time resting while in forests and mangroves as compared to grasslands, water, and wetlands. In contrast to the predominantly nocturnal habits reported in continental populations, jaguar activity on Maraca-Jipioca peaked during daylight hours, especially among females. Jaguars showed a marked preference for coastal areas but did not appear to adjust habitat use in response to tidal variation in sea level. Collectively, these findings suggest that the spatial ecology of Maraca-Jipioca jaguars is comprised of typical and novel behaviours, shaped by both the species evolutionary history, and the islands unique ecological context. These findings highlight the species behavioural flexibility and offer rare insights into how a large carnivore persists in an insular Amazonian landscape.