Targeted ablation and regeneration of enteric nervous system neurons in zebrafish

The enteric nervous system (ENS) is the intrinsic nervous system of the gut and regulates essential gut functions, including motility, digestion, and immune response, ensuring gut homeostasis. ENS dysfunction or loss is associated with gastrointestinal disorders such as Hirschsprung disease (HSCR). Currently, surgery is the only treatment for HSCR, but it often has lifelong, severe complications. Restoring missing ENS neurons by stimulating endogenous neuronal regeneration presents a promising therapeutic approach for ENS disease. To reveal the cellular-molecular mechanisms regulating neuronal regeneration we study a species capable of robust ENS restoration, the zebrafish. For this, we developed a chemogenetic ablation model in zebrafish using the Gal4/UAS NTR 2.0 system for targeted ENS neuron ablation. Spatially and temporally controlled neuronal death was confirmed by morphological changes, quantification of neuronal loss, and TUNEL assays. We observed an acute immune response that normalizes at 1 day of treatment. Quantification of regenerated neurons demonstrated complete restoration of ENS neuron numbers to control levels by 9 days post treatment, with recovery of gut motility. Among the regenerated neurons, nitrergic, cholinergic and VIPergic subtypes showed full recovery, whereas serotonergic neurons only displayed partial recovery, indicating subtype-specific differences in regenerative capacity and/or timing of cell replacement. Our study establishes a robust platform for dissecting the cellular-molecular mechanisms of ENS regeneration to develop potential treatment approaches for ENS-related diseases.