Repetition-related gamma plasticity in macaque V1 and V2 is highly stimulus specific and robust to stimulus set size

When a visual stimulus is repeated, the cortex has the opportunity to adjust its processing. Indeed, repeated stimuli induce reduced neuronal spike rates and increased neuronal gamma-band synchronization. Previous studies found the repetition-related gamma increase to occur both in human and non-human primates, for artificial and natural stimuli, to persist for minutes and to not transfer between strongly differing stimuli. Here, we further investigated the repetition-related effects using laminar recordings of multi-unit activity and local field potentials from awake macaque areas V1 and V2. We find that the effects on spike rate and gamma occur in all laminar compartments of V1 and V2. We quantify the degree of stimulus specificity with oriented gratings and find that the repetition-related gamma increase does not transfer to gratings differing by merely 10 {degrees}, the smallest difference tested. Furthermore, we find that the repetition-related effects are robust to stimulus set size, occurring both when one stimulus was repeated and when eighteen different interleaved stimuli were repeated. Finally, we show that alpha-beta activity increases and remains elevated when a stimulus is repeated, and decreases sharply when an unexpected stimulus is presented. These results suggest that repetition-related plasticity leads to changes in spike rates and rhythmic neuronal synchronization in different frequency bands that adjust the cortical processing of repeated stimuli.