Optimising the use of Oxford Nanopore Sequencing technology for detection of Wolbachia bacterial endosymbionts in Anopheles mosquitoes.

Malaria, a mosquito-borne disease predominantly affecting sub-Saharan Africa, remains a significant global health challenge with 263 million cases in 2023. Although progress in vaccine development has recently occurred, insecticide resistance has reduced the effectiveness of the main stay method of traditional vector control and novel innovative vector control strategies against Anopheles mosquitoes is crucial to combat the spread of malaria. Wolbachia is an endosymbiotic bacterium that can invade mosquito populations and inhibit human pathogens. Historically Wolbachia was thought to not occur naturally within wild Anopheles An.) populations, but recent evidence has confirmed the presence of at least two strains in genuine symbiosis. Detection of Wolbachia strains has pre-dominantly relied on PCR amplification of Wolbachia genes and/or sanger and illumina sequencing. In this study, we assess the use of Oxford Nanopore Technology (ONT) for detecting bacteria within wild Anopheles mosquitoes and determine the ability to detect the endosymbiotc bacterium Wolbachia. We assessed Wolbachia detection from library preparations using the ONT Field sequencing kit for MinION sequencing on the Mk1C and found a pool size of 10 mosquitoes is required preventing individual mosquito analysis. There were roughly 13 times more Wolbachia reads in pooled Anopheles demeilloni compared to An. gambiae. Utilizing the more economical Flongle flow cells and Mk1B device, we further evaluated the effectiveness of two library preparation methods that are compatible: Rapid PCR Barcoding and 16S Barcoding kits. Our findings indicate that the 16S Barcoding Kit in conjunction with the Flongle flowcell effectively identified Wolbachia in both Anopheles demeilloni and Anopheles moucheti but we found no evidence of Wolbachia in Anopheles gambiae. Our study demonstrates the feasibility of developing ONT for field-based sequencing in malaria-endemic regions, providing a potentially lower cost and field friendly method for monitoring mosquito populations and associated endosymbionts. Graphical abstract O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=196 SRC="FIGDIR/small/659891v1_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1"> View larger version (47K): org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@18ee91dorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@16a71c4org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@15330edorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@b13e3d_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP M_FIG C_FIG