Continuous flashing suppression of V1 responses and the perceptual consequences revealed via two-photon calcium imaging and transformer modeling

Continuous flash suppression (CFS), a dynamic masker presented to one eye suppressing the conscious perception of a stimulus shown to the other eye, has been extensively used to study visual consciousness. Various studies reported high-level visual and cognitive functions under CFS, which, however, has more recently been questioned and at least partially attributed to low-level stimulus properties. A key but unsettled issue is the extent to which the responses of V1 neurons, where inputs from two eyes first merge, are affected, as severely suppressed V1 responses would not sustain high-level processing. Here, we used two-photon calcium imaging to record the responses of large samples of V1 neurons to a grating stimulus under CFS in awake, fixating macaques. The results revealed that CFS substantially suppressed V1 orientation responses. Ocularity-wise, it nearly completely eliminated the orientation responses of V1 neurons preferring the masker eye or both eyes, while also significantly suppressing the responses of those preferring the grating eye. Modeling analyses suggest that, under CFS, the brain retains the ability of classifying coarse orientations, but may become less capable of reconstructing the grating stimulus. Consequently, while CFS-suppressed orientation information still supports low-level orientation discrimination, it may not suffice for high-level visual and cognitive processing.