Phenomic environment-wide association study (PheEWAS) models complexity in the exposome

Phenome-wide association studies (PheWAS) have successfully identified genomic-based interrelationships between phenotypes but seldom consider environmental exposures. Here, in a phenomic environment-wide association study (PheEWAS), we interrogated relationships between 326 exposures and 55 phenotypes for [~]19,000 participants of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Linear regression models adjusted for age, sex, socioeconomic status, BMI, race/ethnicity, and survey year identified and replicated 106 significant exposure-phenotype associations after Bonferroni correction. The top association was for alpha-tocopherol (vitamin E) with triglycerides (Discovery p = 1.16 x 10-{superscript 1}{superscript 1}; Replication p = 8.05 x 10-{superscript 1}3). The exposure retinol (vitamin A) had the largest number of individual replicating associations (14 phenotypes including total calcium, iron-binding capacity, ferritin, albumin, transferrin saturation, creatinine, gamma-glutamyl transferase, triglycerides, uric acid, alkaline phosphatase, hemoglobin, and blood urea nitrogen). The phenotype with the greatest number of exposure associations was homocysteine (associated with thiamine; alpha- and gamma-tocopherol; dietary fiber, protein, and potassium; riboflavin; cotinine; folate; phosphorus; cadmium; iron intake; supplement count; and niacin). A race/ethnicity-stratified analysis revealed 11 unique population-specific associations. Our findings demonstrate PheEWAS a method to provide new details on the complexity of the exposome at the level of the phenome