The age at onset of LRRK2 p.Gly2019Ser Parkinson's disease across ancestries and countries of origin

ObjectivesThe LRRK2 p.Gly2019Ser pathogenic variant has reduced penetrance and presents a wide range of age at onset (AAO) in patients with Parkinsons disease (PD). We aim to elucidate differences in the cumulative incidence of LRRK2 p.Gly2019Ser-related PD (LRRK2-PD) between ancestries and countries. MethodsWe included N=922 unrelated LRRK2 p.Gly2019Ser variant carriers (affected: N=762, unaffected: N=160) from the Global Parkinsons Genetics Program (GP2) in addition to cohorts recruited from the Israeli Ashkenazi Jewish and Tunisian Arab-Berber population. The p.Gly2019Ser variant was present in five ancestries: Ashkenazi Jewish (N=534), North African (N=223), European (N=132), Middle Eastern (N=19) and Latino and Indigenous people of the Americas (N=14). In addition to ancestry derived from the genetic data, we assessed the country of origin in our analysis. The Cox proportional-hazards model and Kaplan-Meier analysis were applied to examine differences in cumulative incidence. All analyses were adjusted for biological sex, and the outcome variable was AAO, including affected and unaffected variant carriers with right censoring for affection status, and all analysis were exploratory. ResultsThe median AAO of LRRK2-PD was five years younger in the North African (HR=1.48, 95% CI: 1.18-1.86, p=7.0x10-4) compared to the European ancestry group. In contrast, the median AAO was five years older in the Ashkenazi Jewish (HR=0.61, 95% CI: 0.50-0.75, p=4.0x10-6) compared to the European ancestry group. Additionally, patients from Israel (HR=1.59, 95% CI: 1.30-1.39, p=4.0x10-6) and Tunisia (HR=2.57, 95% CI: 2.16-3.06, p<2.0x10-16) had a median 5-year and 10-year younger AAO compared to patients from the USA, respectively. Lastly, when focusing only on individuals with an Ashkenazi Jewish background, patients from Israel still had a younger AAO than those from the USA (HR=1.82, 95% CI: 1.48-2.24, p=1.5x10-8). Analogously, assessing only patients from the USA, the Ashkenazi Jewish ancestry group still had an older AAO than the European ancestry group (HR=0.51, 95% CI: 0.39-0.67, p=1.3x10-6). DiscussionOur results provide evidence that a persons genetic ancestry and country of origin are associated with the AAO of LRRK2-PD. This highlights the potential impact of both genetic and environmental factors on LRRK2-PD AAO.