Multimodal imaging reveals a lysosomal drug reservoir that drives heterogeneous distribution of PARP inhibitors

For all drugs, effective target engagement requires sufficient intracellular concentrations of drug to be reached, but whether tumour heterogeneity impacts drug distribution and efficacy is poorly studied. PARP inhibitors have transformed treatment of high-grade serous ovarian carcinoma (HGSOC), but resistance remains a clinical hurdle in this highly heterogeneous tumour type. We developed a patient-derived explant multi-modal imaging pipeline, which demonstrated that cell-intrinsic PARP inhibitor accumulation is highly variable, both between patients and within tumours. Spatial transcriptomics revealed enrichment of apoptotic and lysosomal signatures in high-drug regions. Rucaparib, an intrinsically fluorescent PARP inhibitor, accumulates heterogeneously at the single-cell level, with rucaparib-high cells demonstrating increased drug response relative to rucaparib low. Mechanistically, lysosomal sequestration creates a rucaparib reservoir that determines drug levels in the nucleus. Perturbation of lysosomal content altered intracellular levels of weak base PARP inhibitors rucaparib and niraparib, but not olaparib. Together these data suggest that lysosomes act as a reservoir for a subset of PARP inhibitor drugs to improve drug response.