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How Good is AlphaFold3 at Ranking Drug Binding Affinities?

Hong, X.; Gao, B.; Jia, Y.; Zhu, W.; Chen, Q.; Tian, X.; Zhong, Z.; Wang, J.; Lan, Y.

2025-05-30 bioinformatics
10.1101/2025.05.27.656341 bioRxiv
Show abstract

Accurate affinity ranking of small molecules is pivotal for drug discovery. We investigate whether structure prediction models like AlphaFold3, pretrained on protein-ligand interactions, can address this task. Zero-shot evaluation of Protenix (an AlphaFold3-like model) demonstrates superior prioritization of active compounds over conventional scoring functions and state-of-the-art deep learning models. By further fine-tuning Protenix on structure-agnostic protein-ligand bioactivity data from ChEMBL and BindingDB, we develop AlphaRank that predicts pairwise affinity relationships. AlphaRank achieves prediction accuracy comparable to computationally intensive free energy perturbation (FEP+) workflows on standard benchmarks, while requiring substantially less computational resources. Our findings highlight the emergent potential of AlphaFold3-derived models in affinity ranking tasks and emphasize the necessity for targeted methodological exploration to fully harness their capabilities in drug discovery applications.

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