Region- and stage-specific cortical plasticity shapes the multifaceted process of habit formation

Habits are essential for sustaining adaptive behaviors but can also lead to maladaptive behaviors such as compulsive and addictive disorders. They emerge through a shift in decision-making from motivation-driven strategy to an automatic one. During this, the level of habit execution, such as frequency and duration, is superficially maintained despite a decline in motivational drive, raising the question of how the amount of execution is maintained even when decision-making strategies undergo substantial changes. By developing a unique paradigm capable of inducing habit formation within a defined time window in male mice, we found that shift in decision-making and amount of habit execution are independently controlled by plasticity in distinct cortical pathways. Erasure of each plasticity selectively altered the decision-making strategy or the execution level without affecting the other. These findings reveal a dual regulatory model for habit, providing new insights into the neurocircuit mechanisms underlying both adaptive and maladaptive habits.