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Long-read genome sequencing increases genomic yield in congenital heart disease

Lesurf, R.; Jain, A.; Hanafi, N.; Mitina, A.; Yin, Y.; Kolla, V. A.; Bouwmeester, J.; Papaz, T.; Oechslin, E.; Yuen, R. K. C.; Mital, S.

2025-05-16 cardiovascular medicine
10.1101/2025.05.14.25327523 medRxiv
Show abstract

Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the most common birth defect. We performed Illumina short-read genome sequencing (GS) of 1,101 probands, which identified a genetic cause in 16% of cases. We performed PacBio long-read GS in 43 genotype-elusive patients. Paired analysis revealed higher detection with long-read GS of single nucleotide variants, deletions, duplications, and insertions as well as fewer false-positives for indels and inversions. Long-read GS had higher coverage of nine CHD genes, but a low sequencing depth (<10x) in intragenic regions of four of these genes. Long-read GS was better able to resolve complex structural variants and the size of large repeat expansions in 59 known disease-causing regions. This included a complex de novo structural variant upstream of ZEB2 that was only resolved with long-read GS in a patient with extra-cardiac phenotype overlapping Mowat-Wilson syndrome. Long-read GS may provide an option in CHD patients who remain genotype-elusive on short-read GS.

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