Environment dependent benefits of sociality in Soay sheep

An individuals social connections have strong effects on fitness. Despite this, there is pronounced among-individual variation in social behaviour. This variation may be maintained if different types of social connections have environment-dependent fitness benefits, but this has rarely been tested. We applied network analysis to 37 years of social association data in Soay sheep to test this hypothesis. Our results show that both relationship quantity (having many association partners) and relationship quality (having strong associations) are linked with survival. Crucially, the relative importance of relationship quantity and quality depends on overwinter weather, with harsh conditions favouring quantity over quality, likely due to thermoregulatory benefits. Relationship quality, meanwhile, was most beneficial under benign weather conditions, possibly due to enhanced familiarity with conspecifics. These findings advance our understanding of social benefits in fission-fusion societies and show that changing environmental conditions may be an important mechanism maintaining variation in social behaviour in natural populations.