Dimethyl fumarate reprograms cervical cancer cells to enhance antitumor immunity by activating mtDNA-cGAS-STING pathway

BackgroundCervical cancer (CC) remains a significant global health challenge for women, especially in advanced stages where effective treatments are limited. Current immunotherapies, including PD-1/PD-L1 blockades and adoptive T cell therapies, show limited response rates and durability. Dimethyl fumarate (DMF), an FDA-approved drug for autoimmune diseases, has demonstrated that it might exhibit direct antitumor activity in several cancers. However, its influence on anti-tumor immunity and its function in CC remain poorly understood. This study aims to investigate the therapeutic potential of DMF in CC models and elucidate its underlying mechanisms of action. MethodsCC cell lines and mouse models were treated with DMF. Transcriptional level changes in cervical cancer cells following DMF treatment were analyzed by RNA-seq. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) release, and cGAS-STING activation were assessed via qPCR, immunofluorescence, immunoblotting and ELISA. CD8+ T cell recruitment was analyzed by flow cytometry. Combinatorial therapies (DMF + anti-PD-1/TILs) were tested in syngeneic or patient-derived xenografts (PDX) models. ResultsDMF treatment induces mitochondrial dysfunction in tumor cells, resulting in the release of mtDNA into the cytosol. The cytosolic mtDNA activates the cGAS-STING-TBK1 pathway and type I interferon response, leading to the secretion of CCL5 and CXCL10, thereby enhancing CD8 T cell infiltration. Additionally, DMF exhibits synergistic effect with PD-1 blockade in murine CC model, and can enhance the therapeutic efficacy of adoptively transferred T cells toward CC patient-derived xenografts model. ConclusionThis work elucidated that DMF reprograms CC cells to activate the mtDNA-cGAS-STING pathway, fostering a chemokine-rich microenvironment that recruits CD8+ T cells. Its synergy with PD-1 blockade or TIL therapy underscores its potential as an immunomodulatory adjuvant. These findings suggest that DMF holds promise as a novel immunotherapeutic strategy for improving clinical outcomes in CC.