A General Framework for Predicting the Temperature-Dependence of Microbial Interactions

Despite its global importance, our ability to predict the impacts of temperature change on the community dynamics of heterotrophic microbes remains limited. Here, we develop a metabolic trait-based mathematical framework to predict the temperature dependence of pairwise interactions among heterotrophic microbial consumers, accounting for their resource environment and community composition. Applying this framework leads to two general predictions. First, microbial species interactions are typically more thermally sensitive than the underlying metabolic traits. Second, temperature systematically reshapes intra- and interspecific interactions: their variance peaks at intermediate temperatures, while mean interaction strengths increase with warming more rapidly than interspecific interaction strengths. We show that these features of temperature-dependent interactions have far-reaching implications for the temperature responses of community coexistence, diversity, and stability. Our framework provides a mechanistic foundation for predicting how temperature affects the dynamics of heterotrophic microbial communities across diverse biological and environmental contexts. SignificanceCommunities of heterotrophic microbes, including bacteria, archaea, protists, and fungi, play a fundamental role in human health, bioprocessing, and global biogeochemical cycles. Predicting their responses to environmental change is a major challenge, with a key missing link being the effects of temperature on species interactions that ultimately shape community dynamics. By integrating metabolic constraints into consumer-resource theory, we derive general predictions about how interactions among heterotrophic microbial species respond to temperature changes. We show that interactions are more sensitive to warming than individual metabolic traits and undergo systematic temperature-dependent changes that alter community-level coexistence, diversity, and stability. These results hold across diverse environmental contexts and heterotrophic systems, providing a foundation for predicting how microbial community dynamics respond to environmental temperature, from biotechnological applications to natural ecosystems.