Spatial and Temporal Patterns of Wolf Occurrences on the Summer Range of the Eastern Migratory Cape Churchill Caribou Population in the Hudson Bay Lowlands of Manitoba

Wolves (Canis lupus) function as a top predator across diverse ecosystems including the sub-arctic, and they have been managed in often controversial ways. Communities and scientists are increasingly supporting minimally invasive research and monitoring, including using trail cameras. We employed a network of 15 Reconyx trail cameras at three monitoring areas aimed at detecting the spatial and temporal aspects of wolf occurrences within the summer range of Eastern Migratory Cape Churchill caribou in Wapusk National Park in the Hudson Bay Lowlands of Manitoba, Canada from 2013-2021. In this first peer-reviewed quantitative study of wolves in the region, we found that wolves detection events were generally consistent across years. Wolf distribution was consistently positively skewed toward the southern part of the caribou summer range in all years. Wolves experienced extreme environmental conditions, with a 60{degrees}C range in temperature, from a low of -32{degrees}C in winter to a high of +28{degrees}C in summer and an annual change in day length of >11 hours between summer and winter. Wolves occurred most commonly in spring and summer and occurred at equal frequency during night and day overall but selected for nighttime in September, October, and November as day length shortened dramatically.