Chemical representation standardization needed to generalize metabolic pathway involvement prediction across the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes, Reactome, and MetaCyc knowledgebases

MotivationDue to the utility of knowing the pathway involvement of compounds detected in biological experiments, knowledgebases such as the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), Reactome, and MetaCyc have aggregated pathway annotations of compounds. However, these annotations are largely incomplete and are costly to obtain experimentally and curate from published scientific literature. ResultsWe constructed a new dataset using compounds and their pathway annotations from KEGG, Reactome, and MetaCyc. Using this dataset, we trained and tested an extreme classification model that classifies 8,195 unique pathways based on compound chemical representations with a mean Matthews correlation coefficient (MCC) of 0.9036 {+/-} 0.0033. During model evaluation, we discovered an inconsistency in chemical representations across knowledgebases, which was alleviated by standardizing the chemical representations using InChI (IUPAC International Chemical Identifier) canonicalization. Next, we compared the MCC between compounds and their cross-knowledgebase references. The non-standardized chemical representations had a huge 0.2687 drop in MCC while the standardized chemical representations only had a 0.0384 drop in MCC. Thus, standardizing chemical representation is an essential step when predicting on novel chemical representations. Availability and implementationAll code and data for reproducing the results of this manuscript are available in the following figshare items: Manuscript main results: https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.28701845 CV analysis of model and dataset of prior studies: https://doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.28701590 Contacthunter.moseley@uky.edu Supplementary information<LINK TO SUPPLEMENTAL MATERIAL>