Diverse microbial exposure exacerbates the development of allergic airway inflammation in adult mice

BackgroundExposure to a diversity of microbes has been implicated in playing a major role in susceptibility to the development of allergic lung type diseases. The hygiene hypothesis suggests that those exposed to a broad diversity of microbes are more likely to be protected against developing allergic type diseases. However, changes in exposure to microbial diversity can occur in both younger individuals, as well as in adults, and the effects are not always understood. ObjectiveWe investigated the effect of exposure to broad microbial diversity on the airway T cell response in house dust mite (HDM) induced allergic airway disease (AAD, a model of allergic asthma). MethodsWe increased exposure to broad microbial diversity by co-housing specific pathogen free (SPF) adult or newborn mice with pet store mice (PSE or BiPSE, respectively). Mice were then exposed to HDM to induce AAD. ResultsWe found that the effect of increased microbial exposure on the development of allergic airway inflammation differs by age. Increasing exposure to diverse microbes as adults exacerbates the development of allergic airway inflammation, whereas this was not observed when exposure occurred at birth. ConclusionWe suggest that experimental evaluation of the hygiene hypothesis in inflammation, particularly those using mouse models, may need to consider age of the host and time of microbial exposure. Capsule SummaryMouse models of increased exposure to diverse microbial environment shown to differentially affect the development of allergic airway inflammation, depending on the age of microbial exposure.