Brain Aging in Specific Phobia: An ENIGMA-Anxiety Mega-Analysis
Blake, K. V.; Hilbert, K.; Ipser, J. C.; Han, L. K. M.; Bas-Hoogendam, J. M.; Ahs, F.; Bauer, J.; Beesdo-Baum, K.; Björkstrand, J.; Blanco-Hinojo, L.; Böhnlein, J.; Bülow, R.; Cano, M.; Cardoner, N.; Caseras, X.; Dannlowski, U.; Fredrikson, M.; Goossens, L.; Grabe, H. J.; Grotegerd, D.; Hahn, T.; Hamm, A.; Heinig, I.; Herrman, M. J.; Hofmann, D.; Jamalabadai, H.; Jansen, A.; Kindt, M.; Kircher, T.; Klahn, A. L.; Koelkebeck, K.; Krug, A.; Leehr, E. J.; Lotze, M.; Margraf, J.; Muehlhan, M.; Nenadic, I.; Penate, W.; Pittig, A.; Plag, J.; Pujol, J.; Richter, J.; Ridderbusch, I. C.; Rivero, F.;
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IntroductionSpecific phobia (SPH) is a prevalent anxiety disorder and may involve advanced biological aging. However, brain age research in psychiatry has primarily examined mood and psychotic disorders. This mega-analysis investigated brain aging in SPH participants within the ENIGMA-Anxiety Working Group. Methods3D brain structural MRI scans from 17 international samples (600 SPH individuals, of whom 504 formally diagnosed and 96 questionnaire-based cases; 1,134 controls; age range: 22-75 years) were processed with FreeSurfer. Brain age was estimated from 77 subcortical and cortical regions with a publicly available ENIGMA brain age model. The brain-predicted age difference (brain-PAD) was calculated as brain age minus chronological age. Linear mixed-effect models examined group differences in brain-PAD and moderation by age. ResultsNo significant group difference in brain-PAD manifested ({beta}diagnosis (SE)=0.37 years (0.43), p=0.39). A negative diagnosis-by-age interaction was identified, which was most pronounced in formally diagnosed SPH ({beta}diagnosis-by-age=-0.08 (0.03), pFDR=0.02). This interaction remained significant when excluding participants with anxiety comorbidities, depressive comorbidities, and medication use. Post-hoc analyses revealed a group difference for formal SPH diagnosis in younger participants (22-35 years; {beta}diagnosis=1.20 (0.60), p<0.05, mixed-effects d (95% confidence interval)=0.14 (0.00-0.28)), but not older participants (36-75 years; {beta}diagnosis=0.07 (0.65), p=0.91). ConclusionsBrain aging did not relate to SPH in the full sample. However, a diagnosis-by-age interaction was observed across analyses, and was strongest in formally diagnosed SPH. Post-hoc analyses showed a subtle advanced brain aging in young adults with formally diagnosed SPH. Taken together, these findings indicate the importance of clinical severity, impairment and persistence, and may suggest a slightly earlier end to maturational processes or subtle decline of brain structure in SPH.
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