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Aberrant NOTUM+ Program Induced in LGR5+ Crypt Base Columnar Cells Maintains an Immunosuppressive Niche in Colorectal Cancer

Chua, J.; Sakthivel, P.; Kaur, A.; Allapitan, E.; Maqsood, A.; Bathe, O. F.; Minoo, P.; Ayyaz, A.

2025-03-13 cancer biology
10.1101/2025.03.10.642301 bioRxiv
Show abstract

Colorectal cancer (CRC) remains a leading cause of cancer-related mortality, with treatment failure largely driven by cancer stem-like cells that resist conventional chemoradiation and subsequently initiate tumor recurrence. While immune checkpoint blockade is effective in microsatellite instability-high (MSI-H) CRCs, the majority of CRCs are microsatellite stable (MSS) and exhibit immune exclusion, rendering them refractory to immunotherapy. Here, we identify a previously uncharacterized cancer cell subtype, which we term cancerous Crypt Base Columnar (canCBC) cells. These cells transcriptionally resemble normal LGR5+ CBC cells but activate an aberrant WNT/{beta}-catenin signalling inhibitory program, marked by NOTUM expression. We show that canCBC cells are specifically enriched in MSS tumors, where their presence correlates with reduced CD8 T cell infiltration, broader immune exclusion, and a propensity for regional lymphatic dissemination. Consistently, targeted ablation of canCBCs enhances the tumor-clearing potential of CD8 T cells. This study identifies a novel therapeutic target for overcoming immune exclusion and improving immunotherapy responses in MSS CRCs.

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