Accelerated memory T cell decline and tolerogenic recall responses to SARS-CoV-2 vaccination in diabetes
Jones, E. M.; Sourij, C.; Stradner, M.; Schlenke, P.; Sereban, N.; Moser, O.; Quinlan, R.; Short, C.-E.; Harris, B. H. L.; Fertleman, M.; Taylor, G. P.; Oliver, N.; Sourij, H.; Dominguez-Villar, M.
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Type 1 and type 2 diabetes are associated with increased severity and mortality from respiratory virus infections, including SARS-CoV-2. Vaccination in the general population significantly reduces the risk of severe respiratory viral infection and triggers a strong, polyfunctional and lasting T cell response in healthy individuals. However, vaccine effectiveness in people with diabetes is unclear. Here we studied the magnitude and functional characteristics of vaccine-specific CD4+ and CD8+ T cell responses to the full vaccination protocol, and the recall response after a third booster dose of SARS-CoV-2 vaccine in people with type 1 and type 2 diabetes, and compared them to those of people without diabetes. We found defects in both CD4+ and CD8+ T cell memory maintenance and the functionality of the vaccine specific T cells in people with diabetes compared to people without. In those individuals with diabetes that harbored detectable vaccine-specific T cells, they displayed an unfocused, tolerogenic phenotype characterized by increased expression of IL-13 and IL-10 in T1D and T2D compared to people without diabetes. These results have implications for vaccination strategies for people with diabetes.
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