Global, regional, and national burden of chronic kidney disease-related heart failure from 1990 to 2021: an analysis of data from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021

BackgroundThe global burden of chronic kidney diseases related heart failure (CKD-related HF) has yet to be reported. The study aims to analyze the global burden of CKD-related HF. MethodsUtilizing the data from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021, we delineated the prevalence and years lived with disability (YLDs) of CKD-related HF at global, regional, and national levels, alongside its age and sex distributions, as well as temporal trends. Furthermore, we conducted transnational inequality analysis and frontier analysis. Additionally, we analyzed the burden of CKD-related HF with diverse etiological factors. ResultsOver the past three decades, the global burden of CKD-related HF has escalated, reaching 1,936,886 cases in 2021, with an age-standardized prevalence of 24.21 per 100,000 and an age-standardized YLDs rate of 3.07 per 100,000. This burden is projected to continue rising over the next decade. The burden of CKD-related HF is notably concentrated among the elderly and children. Notably, there is health inequity in its distribution, disproportionately affecting low sociodemographic index (SDI) groups, although alleviation opportunities exist across all SDI levels. Globally, the primary contributors to CKD-related HF are type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) and hypertension, apart from CKD of other and unspecified causes. ConclusionsThe global burden of CKD-related HF has witnessed increase and is projected to persist over the next decade. Certain populations, including children, the elderly, and regions with low SDI levels, experienced a heavier burden. Effective management of primary diseases contributes to mitigating the burden of CKD-related HF.