Horizontal gene transfer of the functional archaellum machinery to Bacteria

Motility in Archaea is driven by a nanomachinery called the archaellum. So far, archaella have been exclusively described for the archaeal domain; however, a recent study reported the presence of archaellum gene clusters in bacterial strains of the SAR202 clade (Chloroflexota). Here, we show that bona fide archaellum gene clusters are widespread in several members of the Chloroflexota, which in turn lack any bacterial flagellar components. Analysis of archaellum encoding loci and predicted structures show remarkable similarity to the archaellum machinery. Moreover, using cryoEM single particle analysis, we solved the structure of the bacterial archaellum from Litorilinea aerophila, demonstrating the successful expression and assembly of this machinery in Bacteria and its function in swimming motility. Finally, a phylogenomic analysis revealed two horizontal gene transfer events from euryarchaeal members to Chloroflexota. In summary, our study demonstrates that a functional and assembled archaellum machinery can be successfully exchanged between the two prokaryotic domains.