Impact of Digital Contact Tracing on Pandemic Control Analysed with Behaviour-driven Agent-based Modelling

We disentangle the efficacy of individual non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs), including digital contact tracing (DCT), with a novel behaviour-driven agent-based model (ABM) to inform ongoing pandemic preparedness efforts. Our models Zeitgeber architecture delineates contextual characteristics, including daytime, daily routines, locations, and activities. Our method determines each agents current location and behaviour in a realistic environment under the restrictions of NPIs. We model viral load transfer between agents from contact duration, distance, and the infected agents infectiousness level. We examine the effects of DCT adoption, adherence, and compliance, both individually and combined with other NPIs, on key pandemic indicators, thus providing novel insight into infection dynamics. DCT combined with other NPIs reduces the total infections up to 52% for realistic behaviour, whereas DCT alone yielded a 43% reduction. Surprisingly however, some NPI combinations do not improve pandemic parameters. Our approach offers fine-grained analysis capabilities on the effectiveness of NPI combinations that cannot be obtained in human studies due to confounding effects. Thus our approach can inform future pandemic control efforts and prioritisation in pandemic preparedness.