A common neuronal basis for Pavlovian and instrumental learning in amygdala circuits

Reward-predictive Pavlovian cues can selectively invigorate instrumental behaviors. Accumulating evidence pinpoints the basolateral amygdala (BLA) as a key brain structure to assign outcome-specific motivational significance to Pavlovian cues or Instrumental actions. However, whether neuronal representations of Pavlovian and Instrumental learnings are processed in different BLA circuits and how the resulting memories interact is unknown. Here, we used calcium imaging and optogenetic manipulation of the BLA neurons in mice that acquired and expressed Pavlovian and Instrumental behaviors in a multi-phase behavioral task called specific Pavlovian to Instrumental Transfer (sPIT). We first confirmed that Pavlovian cues selectively invigorate instrumental actions and showed that this effect, referred as the sPIT effect, depends on BLA activity. Then, by tracking the activity of single BLA neurons across days, we found that BLA neurons integrate common reward-anticipation information relevant for Pavlovian and instrumental learning. Interestingly, this reward-anticipation information re-emerged during subsequent memory transfer and covaried with sPIT effect. These findings reveal that the BLA encodes an outcome-specific motivational state that generalizes across Pavlovian and instrumental behaviors to promote and guide reward-seeking behavior.