Maximizing Nature-based Solutions using Artificial Intelligence to align global biodiversity, climate, and water targets.

Nature-based Solutions (NbS) encompass a spectrum of conservation and restoration actions aimed at improving biodiversity, climate, and/or water outcomes. Considerable research exists that focuses either on conservation or restoration, or on one particular environmental outcome. Yet, there is a need to develop integrated frameworks that align multiple outcomes and enable comprehensive environmental and economic assessments. Here, we present an integrated framework leveraging an AI agent that interprets species habitat connectivity changes along with climate and water co-benefits to select optimal conservation and restoration priorities. We implement this framework through scenarios maximizing biodiversity protection with ecological integrity, carbon storage, and water co-benefits to achieve Canadas 30x30 conservation and restoration targets. Our results suggest that prioritizing the protection of threatened biodiversity and irrecoverable carbon storage would optimally enhance existing Protected Areas outcomes and conserve 30% of lands by 2030. However, effectively restoring 30% of degraded land will require targeted actions in existing natural and transformed ecosystems. The assessment of current anthropogenic pressures suggests that conservation and restoration actions may enhance climate resilience for forestry in natural lands and potentially benefit agricultural production and public health in transformed lands. Moreover, the mining sector represents the largest growing pressure on both conservation and restoration priorities in the upcoming decade. Overall, this integrated framework reveals strategic conservation and restoration priorities to align environmental targets, while identifying opportunities to coordinate NbS interventions across sectors.