Neural differences in conflict monitoring and stimulus expectancy processes in experienced meditators are likely driven by enhanced attention

ObjectivesMindfulness meditation has been linked to enhanced attention and executive function, likely resulting from practice-related effects on neural activity patterns. In this study, we used an event-related potential (ERP) paradigm to examine brain responses related to conflict monitoring and attention in experienced mindfulness meditators to better understand key factors driving meditation-related effects. MethodsWe measured electroencephalography-derived N2 and P3 ERPs reflecting conflict monitoring and attention processes from 35 meditators and 29 non-meditators across both an easy and a hard Go/Nogo task (50% Nogo and 25% Nogo stimuli, respectively). ResultsMeditators displayed distinct neural activity patterns compared to non-meditators, with enhanced N2 responses in fronto-midline electrodes following hard Nogo trials (pFDR = 0.011, np2 = 0.111). The fronto-midline N2 ERP was also larger following Nogo trials than Go trials, in the harder task condition, and was related to correct responses. Meditators also exhibited a more frontally distributed P3 ERP in the easy task compared to the hard task, while non-meditators showed a more frontally distributed P3 ERP in the hard task (pFDR = 0.015, np2 = 0.079). ConclusionsMindfulness meditation was associated with distinct topographical patterns of neural activity in the attention task, without corresponding increases in global neural activity amplitudes. These meditation-related effects appear to be driven by attention-specific mechanisms, despite the examined neural activity being associated with conflict monitoring and stimulus expectancy. Our findings suggest that the cognitive benefits of meditation may only emerge in tasks that actively engage targeted cognitive processes, such as sustained attention.