Biomolecular condensates control and are defined by RNA-RNA interactions that arise in viral replication

Cells must limit RNA-RNA interactions to avoid irreversible RNA entanglement. Cells may prevent deleterious RNA-RNA interactions by genome organization to avoid complementarity however, RNA viruses generate long, perfectly complementary antisense RNA during replication. How do viral RNAs avoid irreversible entanglement? One possibility is RNA sequestration into biomolecular condensates. To test this, we reconstituted critical SARS-CoV-2 RNA-RNA interactions in Nucleocapsid condensates. We observed that RNAs with low propensity RNA-RNA interactions resulted in more round, liquid-like condensates while those with high sequence complementarity resulted in more heterogeneous networked morphology independent of RNA structure stability. Residue-resolution molecular simulations and direct sequencing-based detection of RNA-RNA interactions support that these properties arise from degree of trans RNA contacts. We propose that extensive RNA-RNA interactions in cell and viral replication are controlled via a combination of genome organization, timing, RNA sequence content, RNA production ratios, and emergent biomolecular condensate material properties. Graphical Abstract: SARS-CoV-2 replication cycle employs weak and strong RNA-RNA interactions O_FIG O_LINKSMALLFIG WIDTH=200 HEIGHT=102 SRC="FIGDIR/small/630161v2_ufig1.gif" ALT="Figure 1000"> View larger version (32K): org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1e75ad7org.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@1fcda3aorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@15b556eorg.highwire.dtl.DTLVardef@145b3b6_HPS_FORMAT_FIGEXP M_FIG C_FIG