Over a Century of Infectious Disease Surveillance in Canada: Introducing the Canadian Disease Incidence Dataset (CANDID)

Canadian notifiable disease surveillance programmes have recorded communicable disease incidence data, dating back to the late 19th century. A Public Health Agency of Canada web-portal provides summaries of these data from 1924-2023, but lacks details on how incidence varies seasonally and geographically among provinces. The sub-annual (weekly, monthly, quarterly) and sub-national (provincial, territorial) data required to study such patterns appear in government documents, but are only available in typewritten or handwritten hard copies. We digitized and collated these sources to make sub-annual and sub-national Canadian disease incidence data conveniently available for researchers. We manually transcribed hard copies into digital spreadsheets resembling the originals, enabling accurate transcription through easier cross-checking. We supplemented these historical data sources with more recent digital spreadsheets obtained directly from two provincial agencies. We standardized and combined these spreadsheets into consistent, machine-readable CSV files containing 1,631,380 incidence values from 1903-2021. Because multiple publications and agencies reproduced case counts from the same surveillance system, and many publications reported the same cases at multiple levels of aggregation, many cases were counted more than once among these 1,631,380 incidence values. We reconciled overlapping counts to produce a dataset containing 934,010 unique incidence values at sub-national and sub-annual scales (829,689 weekly; 567 2-weekly; 82,267 monthly; 20,967 quarterly; 520 3-quarterly) covering 139 diseases stratified by province or territory. We illustrate the value of these sub-annual and sub-national data using two examples: synchronized annual cycles of poliomyelitis across provinces and spatially heterogeneous resurgence of whooping cough in the 1990s. Canadas infectious disease surveillance has produced a detailed record of sub-annual and sub-national disease incidence data that remains largely unexplored. This record is now available as the Canadian Notifiable Disease Incidence Dataset (CANDID), hosted on a publicly accessible website along with code to reproduce it, and scans of the original sources.