Species-specific oxygen sensing governs the initiation of vertebrate limb regeneration
Tsissios, G.; Leleu, M.; Hu, K.; Demirtas, A. E.; Hu, H.; Kawanishi, T.; Skoufa, E.; Valente, A.; Herrera, A.; Mery, A.; Noseda, L.; Ochi, H.; Sakar, S.; Tanaka, M.; Zenk, F.; Aztekin, C.
Show abstract
Why mammals cannot regenerate limbs, unlike amphibians, presents a longstanding puzzle in biology. We show that exposing ex vivo amputated embryonic mouse limbs to subatmospheric oxygen environment, or stabilizing oxygen-sensitive HIF1A enables not only rapid wound healing, but alters cellular mechanics, and reshapes the histone landscape to prime regenerative fates. Conversely, regenerative Xenopus tadpole limbs display low oxygen-sensing capacity, robust wound healing, a regenerative histone landscape, and glycolytic programs even under high oxygen. This reduced oxygen-sensing capacity, in stark contrast to mammals, associates with decreased HIF1A-regulating gene expressions. Our findings thus uncover species-specific oxygen sensing as a unifying mechanism for limb regeneration initiation across vertebrates, reveal how aquatic subatmospheric habitats may enhance regenerative capabilities, and identify targetable barriers to unlock latent limb regenerative programs in adult mammals.
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