A qualitative study exploring how secondary school PE uniform policies influence body image, and PE engagement among adolescent girls

BackgroundMany adolescent girls experience body dissatisfaction and have low levels of physical activity. Secondary school Physical Education (PE) offers opportunities for girls to build self-confidence and stay active; however, PE uniforms can be a barrier to participation. ObjectivesTo explore how secondary school PE uniform policies influence body image and PE engagement (participation and enjoyment) among adolescent girls, and how these policies could be co-developed in future. DesignA qualitative study involving focus groups and interviews. Participants and settingForty-four 13-14-year-old girls and six PE staff members from six mixed-sex secondary schools in England. Data collection and analysisUsing topic guides and participatory activities to aid discussions, we explored PE uniform preferences and the influence on body image and PE engagement with adolescent girls, as well as the PE uniform policy development process with PE staff. Data were analysed using reflexive thematic analysis, supported by NVivo 14. ResultsThree themes were generated. Theme 1, Striking the right balance between choice, comfort and uniformity, describes the challenges of developing PE uniform policies that offer pupils choice to maximise comfort, whilst maintaining uniformity to ensure smartness, and to reduce social comparison. Theme 2, PE uniforms are "made for boys" reflects that current policies can often provide unisex uniforms that dont fit the female body, or gendered options that limit girls choices over style and fit. Theme 3, Self-confidence influences comfort in wearing PE uniform, and in turn PE engagement suggests girls with high self-confidence may be less concerned about others opinions and how they look, leading to greater PE enjoyment, whereas girls with lower self-confidence described feeling self-conscious, especially in communal changing rooms, which could impact their comfort and PE engagement. ConclusionsOur findings suggest that developing PE uniform policies, which allow pupils to choose their own bottoms, wear additional layers, and wear PE uniform all day may improve comfort and inclusivity among girls, facilitating better PE engagement. Strengths and limitations of this studyO_LIOur qualitative approach, using participatory activities to prompt discussions, enabled in-depth exploration into how PE uniforms can influence body image and PE engagement among adolescent girls. C_LIO_LIData from adolescent girls and PE staff were triangulated to ensure PE uniform policy recommendations considered both pupil and staff perspectives. C_LIO_LIDue to challenges with recruiting schools, our sample was made up of mixed-sex, mainly affluent schools in South West England only. C_LIO_LIWe had limited representation from pupils of ethnic minority backgrounds and those with low levels of PE enjoyment. C_LI