How does Gloger's rule predict near- and mid-infrared radiation in birds?

Animal coloration has diverse functions such as camouflage, communication, thermoregulation, protection from UV damage and more, and can be shaped by environmental selective pressures. Some climactic selective pressures are strong enough to produce consistent patterns in many species across large-scale geographic gradients. One pattern in endothermic animals is Glogers rule, which predicts that populations in hot, humid areas will be darker than those in cool, dry areas. This pattern has been demonstrated in several species across latitudinal gradients and is expected to relate to the selective effects of both local thermoregulatory pressures and humidity. However, shortwave radiation from sunlight extends beyond the visible spectrum [400-700 nm] into the near-infrared; thus, thermal pressures often result in changes in surface reflectance characteristics beyond the visible [e.g., 700-2500 nm]. Further, heat exchange with the environment extends into the mid-infrared, including MIR heat loss through the atmospheric transmission window [7.5 - 14 um]. Here, we examine both UV-NIR absorption and MIR emittance in five species of birds that have been shown to follow, or not follow, Glogers rule. We show that NIR absorption varies by species and population in ways that correspond to their habitat and thermoregulatory strategies. MIR emittance, by contrast, was very stable across both species and populations but differed across populations of Northern Bobwhites. We conclude by highlighting the importance of extending coloration research into the NIR and MIR. Further consideration of infrared radiation is necessary for a complete view of animals phenotypic diversity and possible responses to thermal challenge.