Repetition of Rhythmic Patterns Fosters Neural Representation of Musical Meter

Music often entails perception of periodic pulses (hereafter meter) which serve as an internal temporal reference to coordinate movements to music. Crucially, meter perception arises even when the musical rhythm only weakly cues meter periodicities (i.e., syncopated rhythms). However, syncopated rhythms are often looped in music, suggesting that repetition of rhythmic patterns may facilitate meter perception by providing periodic cues at a slower, supra-second timescale. Here, we tested this hypothesis by recording separately electroencephalographic (EEG) and behavioral responses (finger tapping) while participants listened to different syncopated rhythmic sequences. These sequences either consisted of a repeated pattern (repetition of 4.8 and 9.6-s patterns) or were generated without repetition. EEG responses showed overall periodization of the rhythmic input, at periodicities corresponding to those expressed as the meter in behavioral responses, and in contrast with the weak cues to these periodicities in the rhythmic inputs. Most importantly, pattern repetition strengthened this neural representation of the meter, demonstrating that supra-second periodicities in the rhythmic input further enhance sub-second periodicities in neural activity. These findings thus highlight the multiscale nature of temporal processes at stake in processing musical rhythm, and, more generally, complex rhythmic inputs involved in interpersonal interaction and communication.