SPO11 dimerization controls meiotic DNA double-strand break formation

SPO11 initiates meiotic recombination through the induction of programmed DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs), but this catalytic activity had never been reconstituted in vitro. Here, using Mus musculus SPO11, we report a biochemical system that recapitulates all the hallmarks of meiotic DSB formation. We show that SPO11 catalyzes break formation in the absence of any partners and remains covalently attached to the 5' broken strands. We find that target site selection by SPO11 is influenced by the sequence, bendability and topology of the DNA substrate, and provide evidence that SPO11 can reseal single-strand DNA breaks. In addition, we show that SPO11 is monomeric in solution and that cleavage requires dimerization to reconstitute two hybrid active sites. SPO11 and its partner TOP6BL form a 1:1 complex that catalyzes DNA cleavage with a similar activity to SPO11 alone. However, the complex binds DNA ends with higher affinity, suggesting a potential role post-cleavage. We propose a model where additional partners of SPO11 required for DSB formation in vivo assemble biomolecular condensates that recruit SPO11-TOP6BL, enabling dimerization and cleavage. Our work establishes SPO11 dimerization as the fundamental mechanism that controls the induction of meiotic DSBs.