Parental Knowledge, Attitudes, and Practices Regarding Antibiotic Use in Pediatric Respiratory Infections: A Qualitative Study

Antibiotic misuse for respiratory tract infections (RTIs) is on the rise particularly among developing nations like Pakistan. This study evaluates parental knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding RTI antibiotic use, which significantly impact antibiotic resistance trends. Targeted interventions to promote antibiotic use and reduce community resistance require understanding these dynamics. Parents were recruited and interviewed in a tertiary care hospital and community pharmacies, representing both urban and rural areas, regardless of ethnicity or occupation. Face-to-face interviews with 21 parents were audio-recorded and transcribed verbatim. Conducted by one male and one female interviewer, these qualitative interviews provided an in-depth understanding of parental knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) regarding antibiotic use for respiratory tract infections (RTIs) in children. Deductive thematic analysis was used, with predefined codes and themes refined throughout the process to capture evolving insights. In total, 21 parents were interviewed, with 76% mothers and 24% fathers, and a median age of 24 for younger parents and 38 for older. Key barriers to accessing medical care for children with RTIs included financial constraints (38%) and transportation issues (34%). While 57% of parents preferred herbal remedies, 71% stated they would consult a doctor rather than reuse previously prescribed antibiotics. Additionally, 52% of parents believed doctors should take responsibility for educating families about proper antibiotic use and resistance. This study highlights gaps in parental knowledge and practices regarding antibiotic use for RTIs in children, with financial and transportation barriers influencing access to medical care. While a significant portion of parents prefer herbal remedies, most would consult a doctor rather than reuse antibiotics. Targeted interventions, particularly through healthcare provider education, are crucial to promoting appropriate antibiotic use and combating resistance in developing nations like Pakistan.