Making the Exercise Experience More Pleasant: Effects of Open-Label Placebos on Affective Responses to Exercise Induced through Verbal Suggestions

ObjectiveBy manipulating psychological factors--such as fostering positive expectations about exercise outcomes through verbal suggestions--it is possible to induce placebo effects without the use of traditional placebos, such as inert substances (closed-label placebos, CLPs). This can be achieved even when individuals are aware they are receiving a placebo through verbal suggestions (open-label placebo, OLP). This proof-of-principle study investigated whether the effects of OLPs on affective responses to exercise can be induced solely through verbal suggestions. MethodsEighty-nine healthy volunteers were randomized into three groups during a 30-minute session of moderate-intensity running. The first experimental group was informed that the running session would enhance their mood (CLP: positive verbal suggestion), the second experimental group was educated on the concept of an OLP and its anticipated effects during the running session (OLP: positive verbal suggestion), and the third control group received unrelated information about the study (no verbal suggestion). The primary study outcomes were self-reported affective valence during exercise and postexercise enjoyment. In addition, anticipated affect and remembered affect were assessed. Resting-state functional connectivity (RSFC) in the prefrontal cortex was objectively measured via functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS). ResultsCompared with the control group, both experimental groups presented increased affective valence during exercise, postexercise enjoyment, and anticipated affect, along with lower RSFC in the right prefrontal cortex, and the OLP intervention had a greater effect on remembered affect. ConclusionsThe results illustrate a potential role for OLPs in inducing affective response to exercise and suggest that further study of verbal suggestions through an extensive explanation of placebo effects might be promising for practice.