Asd-Associated Cntnap2 Variants Disrupt Neuronal Arborization Through Impaired Regulation By Ectodomain Shedding

Ectodomain shedding (ES) is a process by which a protease cleaves the extracellular portion of membrane-bound proteins, releasing soluble fragments that influence diverse cellular functions. ES is critical in neurodevelopment, plasticity, and neurodegenerative disorders, such as Alzheimers disease, and has recently been implicated in neurodevelopmental conditions, including autism spectrum disorders (ASD). Contactin-associated protein-like 2 (CNTNAP2) is an adhesion molecule regulated by ES, releasing a soluble ectodomain (sCNTNAP2) that enhances neuronal synchrony. CNTNAP2 is implicated in ASD, schizophrenia, and cortical dysplasia focal epilepsy syndrome (CDFE) and it is known to regulate neuronal arborization, as well as dendritic spine maturation and maintenance. However, little is known about how neuroplasticity impacts ES or the role of CNTNAP2 ES in dendritic arborization. Here, we show that the brain sheddome is enriched in shed ectodomains that regulate neuronal projections, and that its molecular and functional composition is modulated by sensory deprivation in a sex dependent manner, with a decrease in sCNTNAP2 levels observed only in male mice. Furthermore, we demonstrate that sCNTNAP2 promotes dendritic arborization, while ASD-associated CNTNAP2 variants present reduced sCNTNAP2 levels in culture and decreased neuronal branching. Together, these findings underscore the role of ES in neuroplasticity and ASD and reveal how CNTNAP2 genetic variations disrupt its regulation by ES, leading to altered dendritic branching.