From raw footage to behaviour: an automated pipeline for activity monitoring and behaviour identification in the wild

O_LIStudies of animal behaviour usually rely on direct observations or manual annotations of video recordings. However, such methods can be very time-consuming and error-prone, leading to sub-optimal sample sizes. Recent advances in deep-learning show great potential to overcome such limitations, nevertheless, most currently available behavioural recognition solutions remain focused on captivity settings. C_LIO_LIHere, we present a deployment-focused framework to guide researchers in building behavioural recognition systems from video data, using Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) networks to classify behavioural sequences across consecutive frames. C_LIO_LILSTMs allowed to: 1) monitor nest activity by detecting the birds presence and simultaneously classifying the type of trajectory: i.e., nest-chamber entrance or exit; and 2) identify the behaviour performed: building, aggression or sanitation. Using our framework, we outperformed human annotators when jointly considering error and speed. Model performance improved with challenging training instances, and remained robust even with modest sample sizes. LSTM also outperformed YOLO ("You Only Look Once"), highlighting the critical role of temporal sequence information in behavioural analysis. C_LIO_LIWe demonstrate that our approach is replicable across three bird species and applicable to deployment videos, highlighting its value as a generalizable and transferable tool for long-term studies in the wild. C_LI DATA AVAILABILITYScripts, models, and data required to reproduce this work are available on Zenodo (DOIs: 10.5281/zenodo.18681623 and 10.5281/zenodo.18695178).