Thermoceptive predictions and prediction errors in the anterior insula

Contemporary theories of interoception propose that the brain constructs a model of the body for predicting the states and allostatic needs of all organs, including the skin, and updates this model using prediction error signals. However, empirical tests of this proposal are scarce in humans. This computational neuroimaging study investigated the presence and location of thermoceptive predictions and prediction errors in the brain using probabilistic manipulations of skin temperature in a novel interoceptive learning paradigm. Using functional MRI in healthy volunteers, we found that a Bayesian model provided a better account of participants skin temperature predictions than a non-Bayesian model. Further, activity in a network including the anterior insula was associated with trial-wise predictions and precision-weighted prediction errors. Our findings provide further evidence that the anterior insula plays a key role in implementing the brains model of the body, and raise important questions about the structure of this model.