In vitro-generated inflammatory fibroblasts secrete extracellular matrix with biochemical and biophysical properties similar to tissue-remodelling fibroblasts

In solid cancers, inflammation and viral infections, two main fibroblast subtypes have been identified: myofibroblast-like fibroblasts and inflammatory fibroblasts. In the tumour microenvironment (TME), these cancer-associated fibroblast (CAF) subtypes are known as myCAFs, which generate a stiffened fibrotic extracellular matrix (ECM), and iCAFs, which secrete inflammatory cytokines to locally modulate the immune response. Yet, whether iCAFs contribute to shaping the ECM biochemical and biophysical properties remains unknown, mainly because robust in vitro models to generate fibroblast subtypes are lacking. Here, we established an in vitro cell culture system based on murine NIH3T3 fibroblasts and stimulation by TGF{beta} and IL1, alone or in combination, to induce fibroblast subtypes. Gene expression analysis of well-documented myCAF (Acta2/Tagln) and iCAF (Ccl2/Il6/Lif) markers revealed that TGF{beta} induced a myCAF-like phenotype, while a combination of TGF{beta} and IL1 induced an iCAF-like phenotype. We compared these in vitro subtypes to myCAFs and iCAFs from publicly available scRNAseq data of tumour tissues from cancer patients. We found that, similar to myCAFs, both tumour-associated and in vitro iCAFs express Acta2/Tagln as well as genes encoding for typical ECM proteins, which correlated in vitro with the ability to contract collagen. Furthermore, fluorescence microscopy and atomic force microscopy revealed that in vitro both subtypes generate thick, layered and stiff matrices with highly aligned ECM, demonstrating for the first time that iCAFs may also contribute to a pathological ECM. Finally, matrices generated from these in vitro fibroblast subtypes, but not from uninduced or IL1-only stimulated fibroblasts, enhanced the expression of the immune suppression marker Arg1 in co-cultured macrophages. Our study provides new insights in the contribution of inflammatory fibroblasts to ECM deposition and remodelling and puts forward a well-defined in vitro model to generate different fibroblast subtypes for future in-depth mechanistic studies of their roles in cancer and other pathologies.