FUS controls muscle differentiation and structure through LLPS mediated recruitment of MEF2 and ETV5

FUS is an RNA binding protein mutated in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a neurodegenerative disease characterized by progressive muscle weakness. We show that ALS-associated FUS mutations lead to ultrastructural defects in muscle of FUS-ALS patients, with disruption of sarcomeres and mitochondria. Studies in mouse and Drosophila models demonstrate an evolutionary-conserved cell autonomous function of FUS in muscle development. Mechanistically, FUS is required for transcription of MEF2 dependent genes, binds to the promoter of genes bound by ETS transcription factors in particular ETV5 and co-activates transcription of MEF2 dependent genes with ETV5. FUS phase separates with ETV5 and MEF2A, and MEF2A binding to FUS is potentiated by ETV5. Last, Etv5 haploinsufficiency exacerbates muscle weakness in a mouse model of FUS-ALS. These findings establish FUS as an essential protein for skeletal muscle structure through its phase separation-dependent recruitment of ETV5 and MEF2, defining a novel pathway compromised in FUS-ALS.