Expansion of Drosophila haemocytes using a conditional GeneSwitch driver affects larval haemocyte function, but does not modulate adult lifespan or survival from infection

Macrophages are responsible for diverse and fundamental functions in vertebrates. Fruit flies harbour an innate immune system of which the most populous blood cell (haemocyte) type bears striking homology to the vertebrate macrophage. The importance of these cells has been demonstrated previously, where immune and developmental phenotypes have been observed upon haemocyte ablation using pro-apoptotic transgenes driven by the Hml promoter. Here we show that, as well as ablating Hml-positive cells in vivo using the pro-apoptotic transgene bax, we can also increase Hml-positive cell numbers using a constitutively-active form of ras. However, in adults, compared to larvae, total blood cell numbers were not significantly affected by experimental expansion or ablation. This therefore implies the existence of feedback mechanisms which regulate the number of haemocytes. No effect on lifespan was observed from driving ras and bax in Hml-positive cells using a conditional genetic system (Hml-GeneSwitch). Using a constitutive driver system, we did observe differences in lifespan, however we attribute this to differences in genetic background that could have led to spurious conclusions. Additionally, no effect of either transgene was observed upon infection with two different bacterial species, although a striking pupal lethality phenotype was observed upon expansion of Hml-positive cells in the context of a self-encapsulation mutant genetic background. The latter confirms that the change in Hml-positive cell number does result in a phenotype. The lack of adult phenotypes could be due to the strength of our experimental manipulation or due to compensation via feedback mechanisms that operate to maintain total blood cell numbers. Our study demonstrates the importance of a conditional approach to modulate haemocyte cell numbers in vivo which allows for more precise study of innate immune system function. This approach could be especially fruitful to uncover the mechanisms that regulate total blood cell numbers across development and ageing.