A modulator of cognitive function: Cerebellum modifies human cortical network dynamics via integration

The cerebellum, with distinctive architecture and extensive cortical connections, has long been associated with motor control; however, evidence suggests its role extends beyond motor functions, playing a crucial role in cognitive processes. Despite these insights, how cerebellar computations modulate cortical networks remains elusive. Here, we evaluate dynamic network reconfigurations in the cerebral cortex connectivity following noninvasive inhibitory repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) targeting the right cerebellum. Using dynamic community detection, we uncover the dynamic network properties by which cerebellar stimulation spreads through the cortex, inspecting the evolution of modular network structures prior to and after cerebellar stimulation. Our results indicate that: (1) flexibility, or the likelihood of network nodes to change module allegiances, increases post stimulation; (2) dynamic patterns in which module allegiances emerge and evolve are individualistic and do not follow a single functional prototype; and (3) cerebellar nodes play the role of integrators for distinct network modules. These results suggest that the cerebellum plays a pivotal role in modulating distributed cortical activity, seamlessly integrating and segregating information beyond motor control. This integrative capacity may underlie the cerebellums contributions to high-level cognitive functions and, more broadly, to the foundation of human intelligence.