Highly versatile small virus-encoded proteins in cellular membranes: A structural perspective on how proteins' inherent conformational plasticity couples with host membranes properties to control cellular processes
Delkhosh, A. S.; Hadadianpour, E.; Islam, M. M.; Georgieva, E. R.
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We investigated several small viral proteins that reside and function in cellular membranes, which belong to the viroporin family because they assemble into ion-conducting oligomers. However, despite forming similar oligomeric structures with analogous functions, these proteins have diverse amino acid sequences. In particular, the amino acid compositions of the proposed channel-forming transmembrane (TM) helices are vastly different--some contain residues (e.g., His, Trp, Asp, Ser) that could facilitate cation transport. Still, other voroporins TM helices encompass exclusively hydrophobic residues; therefore, it is difficult to explain their channels activity, unless other mechanisms (e.g., involving a negative lipid headgroup) take place. For this study, we selected the M2, Vpu, E, p13II, p7, and 2B proteins from the influenza A, HIV-1, human T-cell leukemia, hepatitis C, and picorna viruses, respectively. We discuss the current knowledge of these proteins structures as well as remaining questions about a more comprehensive understanding of their structures, conformational dynamics, and function. Finally, we outline strategies to utilize a multi-prong structural approach to overcome current deficiencies in the knowledge about these proteins. HighlightsO_LISmall viral proteins encoded homo-oligomerize and function in cellular membranes as ion channels C_LIO_LIThese proteins were combined in the family of viroporins C_LIO_LIDespite the similarity in their oligomeric structures and functions, these proteins have vastly different primary structures C_LIO_LIIt is imperative to understand how proteins with no homology in their primary structures fulfill similar functions for diverse viruses C_LIO_LIThere is a need for a multi-prong structural approach to explain the structure, conformational dynamics, and function of these proteins C_LI
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