Parcellation of the primate prefrontal cortex by cognitive control operations

Modular organization, the division of the cerebral cortex into functionally distinct subregions, is well established in the primate sensorimotor cortex, but debated in the cognitive association cortex, including the prefrontal cortex (PFC). Here, we obtained microelectrode recordings with broad spatial coverage from the lateral PFC of two rhesus monkeys performing a working memory task with distractors. We found that neighboring electrodes shared task-related oscillatory neural dynamics that were stable across recording sessions and formed spatially continuous, mesoscale clusters that also segregated by local and long-range frontoparietal connectivity, spiking activity, involvement in working memory processing stages and influence on behavioral accuracy. Remarkably, the degree of parcellation reflected the animals individual mnemonic abilities and strategies. Our findings support functional organization of the PFC by cognitive control operations rather than by the type of processed information, indicating that modularity may be a fundamental architectural principle across the primate cortex.