Sexually dimorphic auditory representation in Aedes aegypti brains

Male attraction to female flight sounds is a vital, reproducible component of courtship in many species of mosquitoes; however, female acoustic behaviours have proven challenging to define. To investigate sexual dimorphisms in acoustic behaviours, previous reports have largely focused on differences in mosquito peripheral ear anatomy and function. Whilst molecular investigations have recently begun on the auditory periphery, sexual dimorphisms in central processing of acoustic information have not yet been explored. Here we used a combination of neurotracing, calcium imaging and molecular analyses to examine sexual dimorphisms in auditory processing in the yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti. We identified shared and dimorphic neurons connecting male and female ears to the primary auditory processing centre in the brain, and defined multiple distinct neuronal clusters based on responses to auditory stimulation. We finally used transcriptomic and proteomic analyses to investigate the molecular factors underlying these differences, with motile ciliary-related terms significantly enriched in males.