Spatial fingerprint of consumer body size and habitat preference on resource distribution

Consumers shape spatial patterns on landscapes by amplifying or dampening environmental heterogeneity through feeding, excretion, and movement of resources. The degree to which the environment is modified by consumers depends on species traits, including body mass, movement and foraging behavior, and habitat specialization. Global change is altering the size and traits of consumer populations, but our understanding of how this may impact resource heterogeneity is limited. Here, we developed an individual-based model of habitat specialists and generalists movement and activity in a patchy landscape and investigated the impact of changes in population and mean body sizes on landscape-scale resource heterogeneity. We found that consumers specializing on low-resource habitats (a common risk avoidance strategy) increased spatial resource heterogeneity regardless of their population and body size. By contrast, generalists eroded differences among habitats, and we further found that resource heterogeneity decreased with the average body size of generalist consumers, even while controlling for total consumer biomass. Larger perceptual ranges increased the area over which generalist consumers could select foraging habitat, and reduced the extent to which they eroded landscape structure. These nuanced spatial outcomes of consumer-resource interactions emerge from how metabolic demands, which scale nonlinearly with body size, play out among habitat types which attract different consumers, as well as the scale at which those consumers make habitat selection decisions. Since global change disproportionately impacts larger species and specialists, indirect consequences on ecosystems may arise via biotic processes, affecting spatial heterogeneity of future landscapes.