Stimulus-specificity of surround-induced responses in primary visual cortex

Recent work suggests that stimuli in the surround can drive V1 neurons even without direct visual input to the classical receptive field (RF). These surround-induced responses may represent a prediction of the occluded stimulus, a prediction error, or alternatively, a representation of the gray patch covering the RF. Using Neuropixels recordings in mouse V1, we found that a distal surround stimulus increased V1 firing rates for gray patches up to 90{degrees} in diameter, while LGN firing rates decreased for the same stimuli. These responses occurred across a wide range of conditions: they were elicited by both moving and stationary surround stimuli, did not require spatial continuity or motion coherence, and persisted even for large gray patches (90{degrees}) where there was no mismatch between the classical RF stimulus ([~]20{degrees}) and the near surround. They also emerged when the gray patch appeared as a salient object against a uniform black or white background. Additionally, response magnitudes and latencies were highly similar for black/white uniform surface stimuli on a gray background, with latencies increasing with the gray-patch diameter. These findings are difficult to reconcile with the predictive coding interpretation and fit best with the hypothesis that surround-induced responses reflect the representation of the uniform surface itself and may thereby contribute to image segmentation processes.