From gene to structure: Unraveling genomic dark matter in Ca. Accumulibacter

Candidatus Accumulibacter is a unique and pivotal genus of polyphosphate-accumulating organisms (PAOs) prevalent in wastewater treatment plants, and plays mainstay roles in the global phosphorus cycle. Whereas, the efforts toward a complete understanding of their genetic and metabolic characteristics are largely hindered by major limitations in existing sequence-based annotation methods, leaving more than half of their protein-encoding genes unannotated. To address the challenge, we developed a comprehensive approach integrating pangenome analysis, gene-based protein structure and function prediction, and metatranscriptomic analysis, extending beyond the constraints of sequence-centric methodologies. The application to Ca. Accumulibacter allowed the establishment of the pan-Ca. Accumulibacter proteome structure database, providing references for >200,000 proteins. Benchmarking on 28 Ca. Accumulibacter genomes showed major increases in the average annotation coverage from 51% to 83%. Genetic and metabolic characteristics that had eluded exploration via conventional methods were unraveled. For instance, the identification of a previously unknown phosphofructokinase gene suggests that all Ca. Accumulibacter encoded a complete Embden-Meyerhof-Parnas pathway. A previously defined homolog of phosphate-specific transport system accessory protein (PhoU) was actually an inorganic phosphate transport (Pit) accessory protein, regulating Pit instead of the high-affinity phosphate transport (Pst), a key to the emergence of the polyphosphate-accumulating trait of Ca. Accumulibacter. Additional lineage members were found encoding complete denitrification pathways. This study offers a readily usable and transferable tool for the establishment of high-coverage annotation reference databases for diverse cultured and uncultured bacteria, facilitating the exploration and understanding of genomic dark matter in the bacterial domain. SynopsisA integrated and advanced approach unraveling key genomic dark matter in Ca. Accumulibacter and readily applicable to diverse bacteria for customerized high-coverage annotation reference database establishment